This one’s mostly been answered, but one thing I didn’t see called out clearly is that a lot of what people label as “mold” in hot tubs is really a mix of mildew and biofilm, and that distinction matters.
The black spotting around jets and under the cover usually isn’t floating around freely in the water, which is why your sanitizer test can still look fine. It tends to live in low-flow, damp zones where sanitizer doesn’t linger long, like jet housings, air lines, cover seams. That’s why people get confused, water looks clear, numbers are in range, but stuff keeps reappearing. It’s feeding locally, not in the bulk water.
Safety-wise, it’s not something I’d ignore, especially if anyone using the tub has sensitive skin or asthma. I wouldn’t panic, but I would stop soaking until it’s dealt with. Surface cleaning alone helps, but if it keeps coming back, it usually means something’s established in the plumbing. That’s when a line clean before a drain actually matters, otherwise you’re just wiping symptoms and refilling on top of the same mess.
Prevention ended up being pretty boring for me, crack the cover after soaking so moisture can escape, don’t let sanitizer drop to zero even for a day, and keep alkalinity steady so pH isn’t bouncing every time the jets aerate. Once I did that, those spots stopped showing up entirely. Anyone else notice they always start under the cover before anywhere else?