If you saw white dust puff out of the returns when the pump restarted, that definitely points toward the filter, but one other thing that can cause that milky look overnight is calcium falling out of solution. I ran into that once after a hot stretch where the pH drifted up without me noticing.
The pool looked crystal clear in the evening, then by morning it had that exact diluted milk look you’re describing. My calcium hardness was already on the higher side and the pH had crept up close to 8.0, so the saturation index basically tipped and the calcium started precipitating into the water. It turns the whole pool white even though nothing “dirty” actually got in.
What tipped me off was the filter pressure rising pretty quickly once the pump kept running. Mine climbed about 4 to 5 psi as the filter started catching those tiny calcium particles. After bringing the pH back down into the mid 7s and letting the system run for a day, the water cleared again.
Since you’re seeing powder from the returns though, checking the DE grids or manifold is still a really good move. When those get a small tear it can dump DE back into the pool and the water looks almost identical to a calcium cloud.